格式地图 · 视频系：容器与编码Format Map · Video: containers & codecs

难度LEVELL1 · 入门L1 · Beginner 领域TOPIC媒体管理

学习目标LEARNING OBJECTIVES

学完你知道视频格式分哪几段（容器 / 编码 / 无损 / RAW / 序列），拿到任何后缀先问「它在哪一环」。

概念说明CONCEPTS

容器 MOV · MP4 · MKV · MXF——盒子：装几条轨道、带什么元数据，跟画质无关；MXF 多见于广播。

编码 H.264 · H.265 · ProRes · DNxHR · AV1——决定画质与体积的一层；AV1 更省体积、兼容性待追。

无损 FFV1 · ProRes 4444 · 未压缩——存档与母版用；体积很大，但一次都不再丢信息。

摄影机 RAW BRAW · R3D · ARRIRAW · ProRes RAW · CinemaDNG——各家自己的传感器原始数据包，调整余量最大。

图像序列 DPX · EXR · TIFF 序列——一帧一个文件，合成的通用语言；EXR 带多通道与 HDR。

操作步骤STEPS

  1. 先问「它在哪一环」：拍摄 RAW / 中间编码 / 交付编码 / 存档
  2. 后缀只告诉你容器（.mov / .mp4 / .mkv / .mxf），别拿后缀猜画质
  3. 用 ffprobe 或达芬奇媒体池属性读真正的编码
  4. 想改画质时改编码那一层，而不是换个盒子

练习PRACTICE

动手任务

拿一段手机拍的素材，用 ffprobe 读出它的容器和编码各是什么。

自检清单

做完任务后逐条自查，全部能打勾才算过。

常见问题FAQ

.mov 和 .mp4 有什么区别？

多数情况下只是盒子不同。画质由里面的编码决定，不由后缀决定。

ProRes 是容器还是编码？

是编码（Apple ProRes），通常装在 .mov 盒子里。同理 H.264 / H.265 也是编码，最常见的盒子是 .mp4。

EXR 和 TIFF 为什么一帧一个文件？

图像序列是合成的通用语言：一帧一个文件方便逐帧处理，EXR 还带多通道与 HDR。

Learning Objectives学习目标

After this card you know which legs the video-format family has (container / codec / lossless / RAW / sequences), and you ask "which leg is this" about any extension you meet.

Concepts概念说明

Container MOV · MP4 · MKV · MXF — the box: how many tracks, what metadata; has nothing to do with quality. MXF is broadcast-flavoured.

Codec H.264 · H.265 · ProRes · DNxHR · AV1 — the layer that decides quality and size; AV1 saves more, compatibility still catching up.

Lossless FFV1 · ProRes 4444 · uncompressed — for archive and masters; huge, but never loses another bit.

Camera RAW BRAW · R3D · ARRIRAW · ProRes RAW · CinemaDNG — each maker's own sensor data package; the most room to adjust.

Image sequences DPX · EXR · TIFF sequences — one frame, one file; the common language of compositing; EXR carries multi-channel & HDR.

Steps操作步骤

  1. First ask "which leg is this": camera RAW / intermediate codec / delivery codec / archive
  2. The extension only tells you the container (.mov / .mp4 / .mkv / .mxf) — never guess quality from it
  3. Read the real codec with ffprobe or Resolve's clip properties
  4. To change quality, change the codec layer — not the box

Practice练习

Hands-on task

Take a phone clip and read out its container and codec with ffprobe.

Self-check

Work through the task, then tick every line; all checked means you own this card.

FAQ常见问题

What's the difference between .mov and .mp4?

Usually just different boxes. Quality is decided by the codec inside, not by the extension.

Is ProRes a container or a codec?

A codec (Apple ProRes), usually inside a .mov box. H.264 / H.265 are codecs too; their most common box is .mp4.

Why are EXR and TIFF one frame per file?

Image sequences are the common language of compositing: one frame, one file, easy to process frame by frame; EXR also carries multi-channel & HDR.

本卡术语Terms in this card

媒体池Media Pool 归档Archive 编码器Codec H.264H.264 ProResProRes 静帧Still 元数据Metadata 合成Compositing 容器（封装）Container 帧Frame 图像序列Image Sequence RAWRAW